What is Beowulf ? 
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Alliteration 
Anglo-Saxon Chronology 
Ashburnham House Fire 
Audio: Ben Slade Reads In O.E. 
Beowulf Book Idea 
Bibliography1 
Bibliography2 
Book Comparison Table 
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Comparative O.E. Versions 
Copyright Note 
Danish/Geat History 
Dating of the Manuscript 
Discussion Groups 
The Dragon's Treasure 
Essays For Sale 
Glossary (under construction)  
Kennings 
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Movie Adaptations 
Norton Critical Editions 
Other Beowulfs 
Play by David Calcutt 
Pronunciation of O.E. 
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Seamus Heaney's Book 
Seven Thousand Somethings 
Shoulder Grab vs. Hair Pull 
Swede/Geat History 
Word Search Puzzle 
Comic Books     Gareth Hinds 
    Jerry Bingham 
    Uslan/Villamonte 
    Mike Weller 
    Alexis E. Fajardo 
;    Astrid Anand 
Book Images 
    1830 W. Taylor 
    1849 H. W. Longfellow 
    1884 John Gibb 
    1901 George T. Tobin 
    1904 Clara L. Thomson 
    1907 Wentworth Huyshe 
    1908 J. R. Skelton 
    1941 Rolf Klep 
    1947 Laszlo Matulay 
    1996 Simon Noyes 
Story Outlines 
    My Own Brief Outline 
    Liuzza  (270 words)
    H. Sweet  (650 words)
    Lesslie Hall  (600 words)
    Fr. Klaeber  (1,500 words)
    Vincent Hopper  (3,500 words)
    SchoolBytes  (3,500 words)
    Maurice Sagoff 
--Student Essays/Translations-- 
    Emma Roller (2006) 
    Dr. Dreowulf by Emma Roller 
 
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	Beowulf's Journey     
Grendel's Arm 
Grendel's Mother 
Grendel's Head 
The Dragon 
 
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Michael          Alexander                      (1973)  
William          Alfred                         (1963)  
Thomas           Arnold                         (1876) 
Harry Morgan     Ayres                          (1933) 
Albert C.        Baugh                          (1925) 
Gavin            Bone                           (1946)  
S. A. J.         Bradley                        (1982)  
David            Breeden                        (1999)  
Elsie Straffin   Bronson                        (1910)  
A. J.            Church                         (1918)  
Howell D.        Chickering Jr.                 (1977)  
Clarence Griffin Child                          (1904) 
Samuel Harden    Church                         (1901)  
John R. Clark    Hall                           (1911)  
John Josias      Conybeare                      (1826)  
G.               Cox, E. H. Jones               (1886)  
K.               Crossley-Holland (kids)        (1982)  
K.               Crossley-Holland (text)        (1999)  
D. H.            Crawford                       (1926)  
E. Talbot        Donaldson                      (1966)  
John             Earl                           (1892)  
M. I.            Ebbutt                         (1985)  
G. N.            Garmonsway                     (1971)  
James M.         Garnett                        (1882)  
G. H.            Gerould                        (1929)  
John             Gibb                           (1884) 
Julian           Glover                         (1987)  
Robert Kay       Gordon                         (1923/1992)  
A. Wigfall       Green                          (1935)  
Paula            Grant                          (1995)  
Stanley B.       Greenfield                     (1982)  
Francis B.       Gummere                        (1910)  
Albert W.        Haley                          (1978) 
Lesslie          Hall                           (1892)  
Seamus           Heaney                         (2000)  
Constance B.     Hieatt                         (1967)  
Florence         Holbrook                       (1905) 
Dorothy          Hosford                        (1947) 
Marc             Hudson                         (1990)  
Bernard F.       Huppe                          (1987)  
Wentworth        Huyshe                         (1907)  
John Mitchell    Kemble                         (1837)  
Charles W.       Kennedy                        (1940)  
Thomas C.        Kennedy                        (2001)  
Eric A.          Kimmel                         (2005)  
Ernest J. B.     Kirtlan                        (1913)  
Ruth P.M.        Lehmann                        (1988)  
William Ellery   Leonard                        (1923)  
Roy M.           Liuzza                         (2000)  
H.W.             Lumsden                        (1883) 
Donald A.        MacKenzie                      (1985) 
Donald A.        MacKenzie                      (1995) 
H. E.            Marshall                       (1908)  
John             McNamara                       (2005)  
Charles Scott    Moncrieff                      (1921)  
Edwin            Morgan                         (1952)  
William          Morris & A. J. Wyatt       (1898)  
Felix            Nobis                          (2000)  
Robert           Nye                            (1968)  
Raymond          Oliver                         (1990)  
Marijane         Osborn                         (1983)  
Lucien Dean      Pearson                        (1965)  
John             Porter                         (1993)  
Tessa            Potter                         (1996)  
Burton           Raffel                         (1963)  
Zenaïde A.  Ragozin                        (1901)  
Frederick        Rebsamen                       (1971)  
Frederick        Rebsamen                       (1991/2004)  
Strafford        Riggs                          (1934)  
E. L.            Risden                         (1994)  
Gildas           Roberts                        (1984) 
Louis J.         Rodrigues                      (2002)  
Bertha           Rogers                         (2000)  
Tim              Romano                         (2000)  
Maurice          Sagoff                         (1980)  
E. V.            Sandys                         (1941)  
Gladys           Schmitt                        (1962)  
Ian              Serraillier                    (1954)  
Robert           Shafer                         (1927)  
Ben              Slade                          (2002)  
J. Duncan        Spaeth                         (1927) 
Hazelton         Spencer                        (1951) 
Archibald        Strong                         (1925)  
A.               Sullivan & T. Murphy       (2004)  
Michael          Swanton                        (1978)  
Clara Linklater  Thomson                        (1904) 
Benjamin         Thorpe                         (1865)  
Barry            Tharaud                        (1990)  
W. K.            Thomas                         (1968)  
Chauncey B.      Tinker                         (1902)  
J. R. R.         Tolkien                        (193?)  
Richard M.       Trask                          (1998) 
Sharon           Turner                         (1805/1852)  
A.D.             Wackerbarth                    (1849)  
Wagner & MacDowall   (1917)  
David            Wright                         (1957)  
 
Choose by Date 
1805/1852 Sharon      Turner                          
1826 John Josias      Conybeare                       
1837 John Mitchell    Kemble                          
1849 A.D.             Wackerbarth                     
1865 Benjamin         Thorpe                          
1876 Thomas           Arnold                          
1882 James M.         Garnett                         
1883 H.W.             Lumsden                         
1884 John             Gibb                            
1886 G.               Cox, E. H. Jones                
1892 John             Earl                            
1892 Lesslie          Hall                            
1898 William          Morris & A. J. Wyatt        
1901 Samuel Harden    Church                          
1901 Zenaïde A.  Ragozin                         
1902 Chauncey B.      Tinker                          
1904 Clara Linklater  Thomson                         
1904 Clarence Griffin Child                           
1905 Florence         Holbrook                        
1907 Wentworth        Huyshe                          
1908 H. E.            Marshall                        
1910 Elsie Straffin   Bronson                         
1910 Francis B.       Gummere                         
1911 John R. Clark    Hall                            
1913 Ernest J. B.     Kirtlan                         
1917 Wagner & MacDowall    
1918 A. J.            Church                          
1921 Charles Scott    Moncrieff                       
1923 William Ellery   Leonard                         
1923/1992 Robert Kay  Gordon                          
1925 Albert C.        Baugh                           
1925 Archibald        Strong                          
1926 D. H.            Crawford                        
1927 Robert           Shafer                          
1927 J. Duncan        Spaeth                          
1929 G. H.            Gerould                         
1933 Harry Morgan     Ayres                           
1934 Strafford        Riggs                           
1935 A. Wigfall       Green                           
193? J. R. R.         Tolkien                         
1940 Charles W.       Kennedy                         
1941 E. V.            Sandys                          
1946 Gavin            Bone                            
1947 Dorothy          Hosford                         
1951 Hazelton         Spencer                         
1952 Edwin            Morgan                          
1954 Ian              Serraillier                     
1957 David            Wright                          
1962 Gladys           Schmitt                         
1963 Burton           Raffel                          
1963 William          Alfred                          
1965 Lucien Dean      Pearson                         
1966 E. Talbot        Donaldson                       
1967 Constance B.     Hieatt                          
1968 Robert           Nye                             
1968 W. K.            Thomas                          
1971 Frederick        Rebsamen                        
1971 G. N.            Garmonsway                      
1973 Michael          Alexander                       
1977 Howell D.        Chickering Jr.                  
1978 Albert W.        Haley                           
1978 Michael          Swanton                         
1980 Maurice          Sagoff                          
1982 K.               Crossley-Holland (kids)         
1982 S. A. J.         Bradley                         
1982 Stanley B.       Greenfield                      
1983 Marijane         Osborn                          
1984 Gildas           Roberts                         
1985 Donald A.        MacKenzie                       
1985 M. I.            Ebbutt                          
1987 Bernard F.       Huppe                           
1987 Julian           Glover                          
1988 Ruth P.M.        Lehmann                         
1990 Barry            Tharaud                         
1990 Marc             Hudson                          
1990 Raymond          Oliver                          
1991/2004 Frederick   Rebsamen                        
1993 John             Porter                          
1994 E. L.            Risden                          
1995 Paula            Grant                           
1995 Donald A.        MacKenzie                       
1996 Tessa            Potter                          
1998 Richard M.       Trask                           
1999 David            Breeden                         
1999 K.               Crossley-Holland (text)         
2000 Bertha           Rogers                          
2000 Roy M.           Liuzza                          
2000 Seamus           Heaney                          
2000 Felix            Nobis                           
2000 Tim              Romano                          
2001 Thomas C.        Kennedy                         
2002 Ben              Slade                           
2002 Louis J.         Rodrigues                       
2004 A.               Sullivan & T. Murphy        
2005 Eric A.          Kimmel                          
2005 John             McNamara                        
 
	
 
	
	
 
		
		
		
		
		 
		[lines 194-224a in section III and 8th line from the bottom of folio 134r to 4th line from the bottom of folio 134v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf here .
		{Beowulf hears about Grendel and decides to travel from his home in Geatland (southern Sweden) to Heorot (in northeast Denmark) to see if he can help out.
}  
		 
		 
		
		 
		
A thane of Hygelac 
heard in his homeland 
 
of Grendel's deeds. 
Great among Geats, 
 
this man was more mighty 
than any then living. 
 
He summoned and stocked 
a swift wave-courser, 
 
and swore to sail 
over the swan-road 
 
as one warrior should 
for another in need. 
 
His elders could find 
no fault with his offer, 
 
and awed by the omens, 
they urged him on. 
 
He gathered the bravest 
of Geatish guardsmen. 
 
One of fifteen, 
the skilled sailor 
 
strode to his ship 
at the ocean's edge. 
 
  
  
 
He was keen to embark: 
his keel was beached 
 
under the cliff 
where sea-currents curled 
 
surf against sand; 
his soldiers were ready. 
 
Over the bow 
they boarded in armor, 
 
bearing their burnished 
weapons below, 
 
their gilded war-gear 
to the boat's bosom. 
 
Other men shoved 
the ship from the shore, 
 
and off went the band, 
their wood-braced vessel 
 
bound for the venture 
with wind on the waves 
 
and foam under bow, 
like a fulmar in flight. 
 
  
  
 
On the second day 
their upswept prow 
 
slid into sight 
of steep hillsides, 
 
bright cliffs, wide capes 
at the close of their crossing, 
 
the goal of their voyage 
gained in good time. 
 
		 
		 
		
		 
 
		
 
		
		
		
		
		
		[lines 791-819a in section XII and 8th line from the top of folio 147r to 13th line from the top of folio 147v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf here .
		{At this moment Beowulf and Grendel are fighting and Grendel is howling and screaming and wishing to escape but Beowulf has grabbed Grendel's arm and is using his incredible hand-strength to hold on to him.
}  
		 
		 
		
		 
		
That shielder of men 
meant by no means 
 
to let the death-dealer 
leave with his life, 
 
a life worthless 
to anyone elsewhere. 
 
Then the young soldiers 
swung their old swords 
 
again and again 
to save their guardian, 
 
their kingly comrade, 
however they could. 
 
Engaging with Grendel 
and hoping to hew him 
 
from every side, 
they scarcely suspected 
 
that blades wielded 
by worthy warriors 
 
never would cut 
to the criminal's quick. 
 
The spell was spun 
so strongly about him 
 
that the finest iron 
of any on earth, 
 
the sharpest sword-edge 
left him unscathed. 
 
Still he was soon 
to be stripped of his life 
 
and sent on a sore 
sojourn to Hell. 
 
The strength of his sinews 
would serve him no more; 
 
no more would he menace 
mankind with his crimes, 
 
his grudge against God, 
for the high-hearted kinsman 
 
of King Hygelac 
had hold of his hand. 
 
Each found the other 
loathsome in life; 
 
but the murderous man-bane 
got a great wound 
 
as tendons were torn, 
shoulder shorn open, 
 
and bone-locks broken. 
  
 
		 
		 
		
		 
 
		
 
		
		
		
		
		
		[lines 1537-1569 in sections XXII and XXIII and 5th line from the bottom of folio 163v, through folio 164r to 4th line from the top of folio 164v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf here . Note: there is a discussion of the word eaxle  in line 1537a on my page on Shoulder Grabbing vs. Hair Pulling  {At this moment Beowulf has just failed to hurt Grendel's mother with the sword Hrunting and he tries to wrestle her as he had done with Grendel.
}  
		 
		 
		
		 
		
Grabbing the tresses 
of Grendel's mother, 
 
the Geats' battle-chief, 
bursting with wrath, 
 
wrestled her down: 
no deed to regret 
 
but a favor repaid 
as fast as she fell. 
 
With her grim grasp 
she grappled him still. 
 
Weary, the warrior 
stumbled and slipped; 
 
the strongest foot-soldier 
fell to the foe. 
 
Astraddle the hall-guest, 
she drew her dagger, 
 
broad and bright-bladed, 
bent on avenging 
 
her only offspring. 
His mail-shirt shielded 
 
shoulder and breast. 
Barring the entry 
 
of edge or point, 
the woven war-shirt 
 
saved him from harm. 
Ecgtheow's son, 
 
the leader of Geats, 
would have lost his life 
 
under Earth's arch 
but for his armor 
 
and heaven's favor 
furnishing help. 
 
The Ruler of All 
readily aided 
 
the righteous man 
when he rose once more. 
 
  
  
 
He beheld in a hoard 
of ancient arms 
 
a battle-blessed sword 
with strong-edged blade, 
 
a marvelous weapon 
men might admire 
 
though over-heavy 
for any to heft 
 
when finely forged 
by giants of old. 
 
The Scyldings' shielder 
took hold of the hilt 
 
and swung up the sword, 
though despairing of life. 
 
He struck savagely, 
hit her hard neck 
 
and broke the bone-rings, 
cleaving clean through 
 
her fated flesh. 
She fell to the floor; 
 
the sword sweated; 
the soldier rejoiced. 
 
		 
		 
		
		 
 
		
 
		
		
		
		
		 
		[lines 1584b-1590 in section XXIII and 7th line from the bottom of folio 164v to first half of the last line of folio 164v on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf here .
		{At this moment Beowulf has just discovered Grendel's lifeless body lying in the cave.
}  
		 
		 
		
		 
		
He paid their price 
to the fierce prince, 
 
who looked on the ground 
where Grendel lay limp, 
 
wound-weary, 
defeated in war. 
 
The lifeless one lurched 
at the stroke of the sword 
 
that cleaved his corpse 
and cut off his head. 
 
		 
		 
		
		 
 
		
 
		
		
		
		
		 
		[lines 2672b-2708a in sections XXXVI and XXXVII and 8th line from the bottom of folio 189A197r, through folio 189A197v to 3rd line from the top of folio 189r on Kevin S. Kiernan's Electronic Beowulf here .
		{At this moment, Wiglaf has just run into the flames to be by Beowulf's side and the dragon has charged at them both, incinerating Wiglaf's shield.
}  
		 
		 
		
		 
		
His dreadful fire-wind 
drove in a wave, 
 
charring young Wiglaf's 
shield to the boss, 
 
nor might a mail-shirt 
bar that breath 
 
from burning the brave 
spear-bearer's breast. 
 
Wiglaf took cover 
close to his kinsman, 
 
shielded by iron 
when linden was cinder. 
 
Then the war-king, 
recalling past conquests, 
 
struck with full strength 
straight at the head. 
 
His battle-sword, Naegling, 
stuck there and split, 
 
shattered in combat, 
so sharp was the shock 
 
to Beowulf's great 
gray-banded blade. 
 
He never was granted 
the gift of a sword 
 
as hard and strong 
as the hand that held it. 
 
I have heard that he broke 
blood-hardened brands, 
 
so the weapon-bearer 
was none the better. 
 
  
  
 
The fearful fire-drake, 
scather of strongholds, 
 
flung himself forward 
a final time, 
 
wild with wounds 
yet wily and sly. 
 
In the heat of the fray, 
he hurtled headlong 
 
to fasten his fangs 
in the foe's throat. 
 
Beowulf's life-blood 
came bursting forth 
 
on those terrible tusks. 
Just then, I am told, 
 
the second warrior 
sprang from his side, 
 
a man born for battle 
proving his mettle, 
 
keen to strengthen 
his kinsman in combat. 
 
He took no heed 
of the hideous head 
 
scorching his hand 
as he hit lower down. 
 
The sword sank in, 
patterned and plated; 
 
the flames of the foe 
faltered, faded. 
 
Quick-witted still, 
the king unsheathed 
 
the keen killing-blade 
he kept in his corselet. 
 
Then the Geats' guardian 
gutted the dragon, 
 
felling that fiend 
with the help of his friend, 
 
two kinsmen together 
besting the terror.